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Rockers, leather boys〔Stuart, John, ''Rockers! Kings of the Road'' (Plexus Publishing, 1996). ISBN 0-85965-125-8.〕 or ton-up boys〔14 February 1961, ''The Daily Express'' (London).〕〔Partridge, Eric and Paul Beale, ''A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English'' (MacMillan Publishing Company, 1985) ISBN 0-02-594980-2, p. 962.〕 are members of a biker subculture that originated in the United Kingdom during the 1950s. It was mainly centred on British café racer motorcycles and rock 'n' roll music. By 1965, the term ''greaser'' had also been introduced to Great Britain〔Motor Cycle, 24 June 1965. p.836. ''On the Four Winds'' by 'Nitor'. "''It was, I have it on good authority, as much a surprise to the so-called rockers to find they are now "greasers" as it was to the general public...The people in question—greasy rockers?—are expected to sit back uncomplainingly while learned gentlemen in such papers as the Guardian discuss the pros and cons...I would suggest to the Guardian's correspondent, and to any other erudite commentators who feel duty bound to join in, that the subject should be allowed to die a natural death.''" Accessed 2014-02-20〕〔greaser, n. ''Oxford English Dictionary''. 2nd ed. (1989); online version December 2011. == Origins == Until the post-war period motorcycling held a prestigious position and enjoyed a positive image in British society, being associated with wealth and glamour. Starting in the 1950s, the middle classes were able to buy inexpensive motorcars so that motorcycles became transport for the poor.〔 The rocker subculture came about due to factors such as: the end of post-war rationing in the UK, a general rise in prosperity for working class youths, the recent availability of credit and financing for young people, the influence of American popular music and films, the construction of race track-like arterial roads around British cities, the development of transport cafes and a peak in British motorcycle engineering. During the 1950s,〔Mods, rockers, and the music of the British invasion. James E. Perone. Praeger, 2008. ISBN 0-275-99860-6. pp. 3, 65, etc.〕 they were known as "Ton-Up boys" because ''doing a ton'' was English slang for driving at a speed of or over. The Teddy boys were considered their "spiritual ancestors".〔 The rockers or ton-up boys took what was essentially a sport and turned it into a lifestyle, dropping out of mainstream society〔Skateboarding, Space and the City, Borden, Iain. Berg Publishers, (2003). ISBN 1-85973-493-6 p. 137〕 and "rebelling at the points where their will crossed society's".〔Dancin' in the streets!: anarchists, IWWs, surrealists, Situationists, Franklin Rosemont, Charles Radcliffe. Charles H Kerr 2005 ISBN 0-88286-302-9〕 This damaged the public image of motorcycling in the UK and led to the politicisation of the motorcycling community.〔Suzanne McDonald-Walker, 'Bikers: Culture, Politics and Power' Berg Publishers, 2000. ISBN 1-85973-356-5〕 The mass media started targeting these socially powerless youths and cast them as "folk devils", creating a moral panic〔Stanley Cohen; (1972). ''Folk Devils and Moral Panics; The Creation of the Mods and Rockers'' Routledge. ISBN 0-85965-125-8.〕 through highly exaggerated and ill-founded portrayals.〔Resistance through rituals: youth subcultures in post-war Britain By Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson. Routledge, 1990. ISBN 0-415-09916-1〕〔The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures: Sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll by Mike Brake 1980 Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7100-0364-1〕 From the 1960s on, due to the media fury surrounding the mods and rockers, motorcycling youths became more commonly known as ''rockers'', a term previously little known outside small groups.〔 The public came to consider rockers as hopelessly naive, loutish, scruffy, motorized cowboys, loners or outsiders.〔Nuttall, Jeff. Bomb Culture Paladin, London 1969. pp. 27-29〕 The Rocker subculture was associated with 1950s and early-1960s rock and roll music by artists such as Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran and Chuck Berry. Music that George Melly called "screw and smash" music.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rocker (subculture)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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